Students also practised writing IELTS-style short persuasive essays. Genre-based, SFL-grounded intervention focusing on two persuasive genres and including lessons on nominalisation (or live metaphors) (mapped to the ideational metafunction of SFL), coherence, cohesion and structure (textual metafunction) and evaluative language (interpersonal metafunction). A ten-week teaching program took place at a Japanese university, in which students who wished to improve their written IELTS scores and academic English writing completed a Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) offers both a framework for teaching content and a means for analysing student output. However, test-preparation courses and Academic English courses remain uncommon in contexts including Japanese universities. Once successful, students must then cope with the demands of academic English genres and their distinct language features. Students of English as a Foreign Language frequently complete standardised tests such as IELTS in order to gain positions at English-language universities. Although suffering, alienation, and care have gone by many names, the essences of these phenomena have been recurrent theme in descriptions of human response. Last, an explanation is given as to why care is the contextual framework through which alienation is reversed and connectedness achieved. Next, the personal characteristics of an individual who might help are developed through the concept of wisdom. Related concepts of separation, shame, and stigma are briefly described as partial cases of alienation of the sufferer that also show the pervasiveness of the phenomenon.
Then, the concept of alienation is developed in this context, its philosophical roots explored, and a continuum described that encompasses alienation through connectedness. First, the article develops the concept of suffering and its influences on relationship with the self and with others and the relationship of others with the sufferer. The intricate patterns are explained to provide a basis for prescriptive nursing to prevent or reverse this loss of connectedness. The theory described in this article explains the mechanisms through which suffering affects an individual's sense of community and connectedness with others. Suffering is a particularly human experience that often brings with it loneliness or alienation from others.
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