Sea gods may be included with chthonic deities or form a separate, third category. The tripartite division of the world into sky/heaven/upper, earth/middle, and under/nether/lower seems to be a universal feature of all human religions. For example, sky gods Zeus and Hera rule the celestial realm in ancient Greece while the chthonic realm is ruled by Hades and Persephone. Some religions may also have a deity or personification of the day, distinct from the god of the day lit sky, to complement the deity or personification of the night.ĭay time gods and night time gods are frequently deities of an "upper world" or "celestial world" opposed to the "netherworld" and earth ruled by other gods (underworld and earth gods are collectively known as chthonic deities). Luminary deities are included as well since the sun and moon are located in the sky. Both of these categories are included here since they relate to the sky. In mythology, night time gods are usually known as night deities and gods of stars simply as star gods. Stith Thompson's Motif-Index of Folk-Literature reflects this by separating the category of "Sky-god" (A210) from that of "Star-god" (A250). The day lit sky deities are typically distinct from the night time sky deities. Many religions, both polytheistic and monotheistic, have deities associated with the sky. The sky often has important religious significance. Jupiter, the sky father of Roman religion and mythologyĪ sky deity (also known as welkin deity, celestial deity, empyrean deity, and ether deity) is a god that represents an aspect or an object associated with the sky itself, such as the sun, the moon or other celestial bodies or natural phenomena like storms.
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